Clinical Pharmacology
Drug Interactions: A Clinical Classification
Every interaction is either pharmacokinetic (changes the level) or pharmacodynamic (changes the effect) — with the enzyme inducers, inhibitors and high-risk drugs to know.
Every interaction is either pharmacokinetic (changes the level) or pharmacodynamic (changes the effect) — with the enzyme inducers, inhibitors and high-risk drugs to know.
When to monitor drug levels, how to sample at steady state, and the target ranges for digoxin, lithium, phenytoin, aminoglycosides and the other narrow-index drugs.
Trial designs by structure (parallel, crossover, factorial, cluster, adaptive) and by hypothesis (superiority, non-inferiority, equivalence).
Hit vs lead, methods of lead identification, what makes a good lead, lead validation and SAR-driven optimisation into a drug candidate.
The full pipeline — target ID, validation, hit, lead, optimisation, candidate, preclinical and the clinical phases — plus Lipinski’s Rule of Five.
How inherited variation shapes drug response — the metaboliser spectrum, the high-yield gene-drug pairings, and HLA associations.
Bioavailability and bioequivalence made simple — Cmax, Tmax and AUC, the crossover study design, the 90% CI 80–125% rule, biowaivers and the BCS.
Pharmacovigilance explained — definition, methods, ADR reporting and the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI): IPC Ghaziabad, AMCs, VigiFlow to WHO VigiBase.
The WHO Guide to Good Prescribing in one method — the P-drug concept, the six-step process of rational treatment, and India’s NLEM 2022.
Place every clotting drug on the cascade — heparin, warfarin, DOACs, antiplatelets and thrombolytics — with their monitoring, reversal and the arterial-vs-venous rule.